James Buchanan (1791–1868) was the 15th President of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. Born in Pennsylvania on April 23, 1791, he was a lawyer and politician who had a long career in public service, including roles as a U.S. Congressman, Senator, and Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. Buchanan was known for his diplomatic skills, having served as an ambassador to the United Kingdom before becoming president.

His presidency is often criticized for his inability to effectively address the growing tensions over slavery and states' rights, which led to the secession of Southern states and the outbreak of the Civil War shortly after he left office. Buchanan believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and thought that the federal government had limited power to intervene in the slavery issue. His handling of the secession crisis is seen as ineffective, as he did not take strong action to prevent the dissolution of the Union.

Buchanan's presidency was marked by political division, and he remains one of the least favored presidents in American history for his failure to prevent the nation’s descent into civil war.